Showing posts with label BritLit1 Context. Show all posts
Showing posts with label BritLit1 Context. Show all posts

Wednesday, October 23, 2013

BritLit1 Context: Psalm 51 (Miserere Mei Deus), Coverdale Bible

Psalms 51
 
1 Haue mercy vpon me (o God) after thy goodnes, & acordinge vnto thy greate mercies, do awaye myne offences. 2 Wash me well fro my wickednesse, & clense me fro my synne. 3 For I knowlege my fautes, and my synne is euer before me. 4 Agaynst the only, agaynst the haue I synned, and done euell in thy sight: that thou mightest be iustified in thy saynges, and shuldest ouercome when thou art iudged. 5 Beholde, I was borne in wickednesse, and in synne hath my mother conceaued me. 6 But lo, thou hast a pleasure in the treuth, and hast shewed me secrete wysdome. 
 
7 O reconcile me with Isope, and I shal be clene: wash thou me, and I shalbe whyter then snowe. 8 Oh let me heare of ioye and gladnesse, that the bones which thou hast broken, maye reioyse. 9 Turne thy face fro my synnes, and put out all my mysdedes. 10 Make me a clene hert (o God) and renue a right sprete within me. 11 Cast me not awaie from thy presence, and take not thy holy sprete fro me. 12 O geue me the comforte of thy helpe agayne, and stablish me with thy fre sprete. 13 Then shal I teach thy wayes vnto the wicked, that synners maye be conuerted vnto the. 
 
14 Delyuer me from bloudegyltynesse o God, thou that art the God of my health, that my tonge maye prayse thy rightuousnesse. 15 Open my lippes (O LORDE) that my mouth maye shewe thy prayse. 16 For yf thou haddest pleasure in sacrifice, I wolde geue it the: but thou delytest not in burntofferynges. 17 The sacrifice of God is a troubled sprete, a broken and a cotrite hert (o God) shalt thou not despise. 18 O be fauorable and gracious vnto Sion, that the walles of Ierusalem maye be buylded. 19 For then shalt thou be pleased with the sacrifice of rightuousnesse, with the burntofferynges and oblacions: then shal they laye bullockes vpon thine aulter. 
 

Monday, September 16, 2013

BritLit1 Context: Beowulf on video!

This is a pretty good rendition of Beowulf--not perfect, but well executed, with some insightful touches that show the producers are conversant with some of the common tropes and themes in Beowulf scholarship.


(This is just the first of six videos: you'll need to follow the link through to YouTube to get the rest of the playlist.)

Friday, September 13, 2013

BritLit1 Context: Illustrations of Grendel

As one of the first and most vivid monsters of English literature, Grendel has understandably inspired many artistic representations. Here are some of my favorites!

This is from The Stories of Beowulf (1908), illustrated by J.R. Skelton. Note Grendel's satchel: this is probably an interpretation of the dragon-skin "glove" Beowulf mentions as part of Grendel's equipage when telling of his exploit to Hygelac. Sadly, this is the only picture of Grendel in the book, so we get no sense of scale between Beowulf and Grendel.



These three are from Maud Ebbutt's Hero Myths and Legends of the British Race (1910); I'm not sure who the illustrator is. What's fascinating about these images is not only Grendel's emphatic monstrousness, but also the unflinching gore. This Grendel seems only slightly bigger than a human.


These are some of Lynd Ward's amazing illustrations for a 1939 edition of Beowulf. I love the emphasis on Grendel's eyes and talons--his two most prominent features--in the first picture. The second picture gives us a sense of scale: this Grendel is HUGE.

Grendel from the first issue of the DC Beowulf comics (1975). I love Grendel's inner dialogue: "Kill the light!" This Grendel went on to be a recurrent Wonder Woman villain, of all things.

Another 1975 Grendel by Brian Froud (the genius behind the art design of Labyrinth). This was my first Grendel, an illustration in a Childcraft supplement, The Magic of Words. Pure, unadulterated nightmare fuel and immensely cool.

A Grendel from Alan Lee, better known for his copious illustration of Middle-earth. This is from Castles (1984). This may be the biggest Grendel I've ever seen. Also, he looks like Gollum, but, hey, it's Alan Lee.

The cover of the 1989 edition of Grendel. This is Grendel as teddy bear/sasquatch, I guess. He looks sad and cuddly.

This may be the closest we have to a period Anglo-Saxon illustration of Grendel. It is, in fact, a demon lurking at a hellmouth, waiting for foolish mortals to wander too close. This comes from the 11th century Wonders of the East, a book of exotic marvels apparently designed to suppress travel abroad. (That's a joke. Mostly.)

This is William Blake's Ghost of a Flea (ca. 1820). It's not meant to be Grendel, but there's something about it that's distinctly Grendel-ish.

Last, one of Goya's "Black Paintings," commonly called Saturn Devouring His Son (ca. 1820). Again, this isn't an illustration of Grendel, but it is a depiction of a myth of cannibalism that Anglo-Saxons were aware of. (Aelfric calls this an "unfatherly" act.) It could very easily be the devouring of poor Hondscioh.

Wednesday, September 11, 2013

BritLit1 Context: Original Pronunciation of Shakespeare


A scholar and an actor explain and perform OP Elizabethan English. The payoff: those half-rhymes in renaissance Brit Lit aren't half-rhymes.

Friday, August 30, 2013

BritLit1 Context: The Clementine Homilies on the Nephelim

The Clementine Homilies are one of a collection of early Christian texts, collectively called the Clementia, because they were erroneously attributed to the Apostolic Father, Clement of Rome. In fact, they were written later, in the 3rd or 4th centuries, and reflect doctrinal and ecclesiastical concerns of that era. Their theology is at times unorthodox (or plain odd), but the writer's taste for the spectacular make them interesting reading.

[...]

Chapter XII.—Metamorphoses of the Angels.

“For of the spirits who inhabit the heaven, the angels who dwell in the lowest region, being grieved at the ingratitude of men to God, asked that they might come into the life of men, that, really becoming men, by more intercourse they might convict those who had acted ungratefully towards Him, and might subject every one to adequate punishment. When, therefore, their petition was granted, they metamorphosed themselves into every nature; for, being of a more godlike substance, they are able easily to assume any form. So they became precious stones, and goodly pearl, and the most beauteous purple, and choice gold, and all matter that is held in most esteem. And they fell into the hands of some, and into the bosoms of others, and suffered themselves to be stolen by them. They also changed themselves into beasts and reptiles, and fishes and birds, and into whatsoever they pleased. These things also the poets among yourselves, by reason of fearlessness, sing, as they befell, attributing to one the many and diverse doings of all.

Chapter XIII.—The Fall of the Angels.

“But when, having assumed these forms, they convicted as covetous those who stole them, and changed themselves into the nature of men, in order that, living holily, and showing the possibility of so living, they might subject the ungrateful to punishment, yet having become in all respects men, they also partook of human lust, and being brought under its subjection they fell into cohabitation with women; and being involved with them, and sunk in defilement and altogether emptied of their first power, were unable to turn back to the first purity of their proper nature, their members turned away from their fiery substance: for the fire itself, being extinguished by the weight of lust, and changed into flesh, they trode the impious path downward. For they themselves, being fettered with the bonds of flesh, were constrained and strongly bound; wherefore they have no more been able to ascend into the heavens.

Chapter XIV.—Their Discoveries.

“For after the intercourse, being asked to show what they were before, and being no longer able to do so, on account of their being unable to do aught else after their defilement, yet wishing to please their mistresses, instead of themselves, they showed the bowels of the earth; I mean, the choice metals, gold, brass, silver, iron, and the like, with all the most precious stones. And along with these charmed stones, they delivered the arts of the things pertaining to each, and imparted the discovery of magic, and taught astronomy, and the powers of roots, and whatever was impossible to be found out by the human mind; also the melting of gold and silver, and the like, and the various dyeing of garments. And all things, in short, which are for the adornment and delight of women, are the discoveries of these demons bound in flesh.

Chapter XV.—The Giants.

“But from their unhallowed intercourse spurious men sprang, much greater in stature than ordinary men, whom they afterwards called giants; not those dragon-footed giants who waged war against God, as those blasphemous myths of the Greeks do sing, but wild in manners, and greater than men in size, inasmuch as they were sprung of angels; yet less than angels, as they were born of women. Therefore God, knowing that they were barbarized to brutality, and that the world was not sufficient to satisfy them (for it was created according to the proportion of men and human use), that they might not through want of food turn, contrary to nature, to the eating of animals, and yet seem to be blameless, as having ventured upon this through necessity, the Almighty God rained manna upon them, suited to their various tastes; and they enjoyed all that they would. But they, on account of their bastard nature, not being pleased with purity of food, longed only after the taste of blood. Wherefore they first tasted flesh.

Chapter XVI.—Cannibalism.

“And the men who were with them there for the first time were eager to do the like. Thus, although we are born neither good nor bad, we become one or the other; and having formed habits, we are with difficulty drawn from them. But when irrational animals fell short, these bastard men tasted also human flesh. For it was not a long step to the consumption of flesh like their own, having first tasted it in other forms.

Chapter XVII.—The Flood.

“But by the shedding of much blood, the pure air being defiled with impure vapour, and sickening those who breathed it, rendered them liable to diseases, so that thenceforth men died prematurely. But the earth being by these means greatly defiled, these first teemed with poison-darting and deadly creatures. All things, therefore, going from bad to worse, on account of these brutal demons, God wished to cast them away like an evil leaven, lest each generation from a wicked seed, being like to that before it, and equally impious, should empty the world to come of saved men. And for this purpose, having warned a certain righteous man, with his three sons, together with their wives and their children, to save themselves in an ark, He sent a deluge of water, that all being destroyed, the purified world might be handed over to him who was saved in the ark, in order to a second beginning of life. And thus it came to pass.

Chapter XVIII.—The Law to the Survivors.

“Since, therefore, the souls of the deceased giants were greater than human souls, inasmuch as they also excelled their bodies, they, as being a new race, were called also by a new name. And to those who survived in the world a law was prescribed of God through an angel, how they should live. For being bastards in race, of the fire of angels and the blood of women, and therefore liable to desire a certain race of their own, they were anticipated by a certain righteous law. For a certain angel was sent to them by God, declaring to them His will, and saying:—

Chapter XIX.—The Law to the Giants or Demons.

“‘These things seem good to the all-seeing God, that you lord it over no man; that you trouble no one, unless any one of his own accord subject himself to you, worshiping you, and sacrificing and pouring libations, and partaking of your table, or accomplishing aught else that they ought not, or shedding blood, or tasting dead flesh, or filling themselves with that which is torn of beasts, or that which is cut, or that which is strangled, or aught else that is unclean. But those who betake themselves to my law, you not only shall not touch, but shall also do honour to, and shall flee from, their presence. For whatsoever shall please them, being just, respecting you, that you shall be constrained to suffer. But if any of those who worship me go astray, either committing adultery, or practicing magic, or living impurely, or doing any other of the things which are not well-pleasing to me, then they will have to suffer something at your hands or those of others, according to my order. But upon them, when they repent, I, judging of their repentance, whether it be worthy of pardon or not, shall give sentence. These things, therefore, ye ought to remember and to do, well knowing that not even your thoughts shall be able to be concealed from Him.’

Chapter XX.—Willing Captives.

“Having charged them to this effect, the angel departed. But you are still ignorant of this law, that every one who worships demons, or sacrifices to them, or partakes with them of their table, shall become subject to them and receive all punishment from them, as being under wicked lords. And you who, on account of ignorance of this law, have been corrupted beside their altars, and have been satiated with food offered to them, have come under their power, and do not know how you have been in every way injured in respect of your bodies. But you ought to know that the demons have no power over any one, unless first he be their table-companion; since not even their chief can do anything contrary to the law imposed upon them by God, wherefore he has no power over any one who does not worship him; but neither can any one receive from them any of the things that he wishes, nor in anything be hurt by them, as you may learn from the following statement.

[...]

BritLit1 Context: Aelfric on the false gods

Aelfric (d. 1010) was an Anglo-Saxon churchman; he was a noted scholar in his own day, translating portions of the Bible into Old English, as well as composing a large collection of sermons to be read in churches by less educated ministers. The following passage is the most famous portion of his sermon "On the False Gods," in which Aelfric explains the origins of pagan religion, the gods, and idolatrous worship.

 [...]

Now we do not read in books that mankind established idolatry in all the time before Noah’s Flood, until the giants built the marvelous tower after Noah’s Flood, and so God gave to them there as many languages as there were builders. When they separated to distant lands, and mankind grew, then they became deceived by the old Devil who previously seduced Adam, such that they wrongly made for themselves gods, and scorned the Creator who made them with human dignity. Then they thought themselves wise and they exalted as gods the sun and the moon, because of their shining brightness, and offered sacrifice to them, and forsook their Maker. Some men also claimed that the shining stars were gods, and eagerly worshiped them.

Some turned in faith to fire because of its quick heat, some also to water, and worshiped them as gods; some to the earth, because it nourishes all things. But they could have discerned, if they had troubled to think, that only He is God who made all these things for our comfort, because of his great goodness. These creations do just as their Maker directs to them, and none may do anything without the Lord’s permission, because there is no Creator except the one true God, and we exalt Him with certain belief, speaking with mouth and with sincerity of mind that He who made all things is the only God.

Even then, the pagans discontent with only a few gods, and so took to worshiping as gods various giants and men: those that were mighty in worldly rank, and awe-inspiring in life, even though they lived foully. One man was living in the island of Crete, named Saturn, who was powerful and cruel, such that he devoured his own sons when they were born, and in an unfatherly manner made their flesh as food for himself. However, he left one alive, though he had already consumed his brothers; this one was named Jove; he was both evil and strong. Jove expelled his father from Crete, and would have killed him, if he had found him. This Jove was so very lustful, that he married his own sister; she was named Juno, a very high goddess. Their daughters were Minerva and Venus. Then the father foully had intercourse with both of them, and wickedly defiled his own kinswomen often.

These wicked men were the most famous gods that the heathens worshiped, and raised up to deity; but the son, Jove, was nevertheless more worshiped than the father, Saturn, in their foul religion. This Jove is most honored of all the gods that the heathens have in their heresy; and he is called Thor among some nations; the Danes love Thor most. His son is called Mars; he always makes quarrels, and he always wishes to stir up strife and suffering. This one the heathen worshiped as a high god, and as often as they warred, they sacrificed their offering before this god before marching into battle. They believed that he was able to assist them in the battle, because he loved combat.

A certain man was called Mercury in life; he was very tricky and deceitful in his actions, and also loved theft and falsehood. This one the heathen made for themselves into a great god, and at the crossroads offered sacrifice to him, and brought him offerings on high mountains. This god was honored among all heathens, and he is called Odin in the Danish language.

Now, in their heresy the Danes say that this Jove, whom they call Thor, was the son of Mercury, whom they call Odin; but they do not have the truth, because we read in books, both in heathen ones [i.e. pagan Greek and Roman mythology] and in Christian ones, that this evil Jove in truth was Saturn’s son, and these ancient heathen books may not be refuted which wrote thus regarding him; and also in accounts of martyrs’ deaths we find such written.

A certain woman called Venus, who was Jove’s daughter, was so immoral in wantonness that her own father had her, and also her brother, and many others, in the manner of prostitution; but the heathen worshiped her as a holy goddess, as their god’s daughter. Many other gods of various kinds were to be found, and also likewise goddesses, in great honor throughout the entire world, for the destruction of mankind; but these are the foremost, though they lived foully.

The scheming Devil, who deceives mankind, brought the heathen into that deep heresy, so that they found for themselves such foul men to be gods. These foul men loved sins, which pleases the Devil, and also their devotees loved their scandals, and so were separated from the almighty God, the one who abhors sins, and that loves purity.

They also appointed days for the sun and the moon and the other gods: first to the sun the Sunday, and likewise to the moon the Monday; and the third day they devoted to Mars, their battle-god, as an homage to him. The fourth day they gave as an homage to the aforementioned Mercury, their famous god. The fifth day they celebrated extraordinarily to honor Jove, their most famous god. The sixth day they appointed to the shameless goddess called Venus, named Frig in Danish. The seventh day they gave to Saturn the ancient, to the father of gods, as a consolation, for he was last, though he was eldest.

[...]

Source: Translation from Old English by David Grubbs

BritLit1 Context: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on the Anglo-Saxon migration

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle exists in several more (or less) similar versions that have survived to the present day. These chronicles record the major events of years in annal form, and they continued to be updated even after the Norman Conquest.

[...]

A.D. 430. This year Patricius was sent from Pope Celestinus to preach baptism to the Scots.

A.D. 435. This year the Goths sacked the city of Rome; and never since have the Romans reigned in Britain. This was about eleven hundred and ten winters after it was built. They reigned altogether in Britain four hundred and seventy winters since Gaius Julius first sought that land.

A.D. 443. This year sent the Britons over sea to Rome, and begged assistance against the Picts; but they had none, for the Romans were at war with Atila, king of the Huns. Then sent they to the Angles, and requested the same from the nobles of that nation.

A.D. 444. This year died St. Martin.

A.D. 448. This year John the Baptist showed his head to two monks, who came from the eastern country to Jerusalem for the sake of prayer, in the place that whilom was the palace of Herod. 

A.D. 449. This year Marcian and Valentinian assumed the empire, and reigned seven winters. In their days Hengest and Horsa, invited by Wurtgern, king of the Britons to his assistance, landed in Britain in a place that is called Ipwinesfleet; first of all to support the Britons, but they afterwards fought against them. The king directed them to fight against the Picts; and they did so; and obtained the victory wheresoever they came. They then sent to the Angles, and desired them to send more assistance. They described the worthlessness of the Britons, and the richness of the land. They then sent them greater support. Then came the men from three powers of Germany; the Old Saxons, the Angles, and the Jutes. From the Jutes are descended the men of Kent, the Wightwarians (that is, the tribe that now dwelleth in the Isle of Wight), and that kindred in Wessex that men yet call the kindred of the Jutes. From the Old Saxons came the people of Essex and Sussex and Wessex. From Anglia, which has ever since remained waste between the Jutes and the Saxons, came the East Angles, the Middle Angles, the Mercians, and all of those north of the Humber. Their leaders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa; who were the sons of Wihtgils; Wihtgils was the son of Witta, Witta of Wecta, Wecta of Woden. From this Woden arose all our royal kindred, and that of the Southumbrians also.

A.D. 455. This year Hengest and Horsa fought with Wurtgern the king on the spot that is called Aylesford. His brother Horsa being there slain, Hengest afterwards took to the kingdom with his son Esc.

[...]

BritLit1 Context: Gildas on the Anglo-Saxon migration

Gildas (d. 570) was a churchman in Britain. His De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae (On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain) is the most extensive near-contemporary account of the Anglo-Saxon migration to Britain. De Excidio is, for the most part, a prophetic denunciation of the sins of the Britains and their rulers; in it, Britain's sufferings at the hands of barbarians are interpreted as just punishment of God upon the British.

[...]

22. Meanwhile, God being willing to purify his family who were infected by so deep a stain of woe, and at the hearing only of their calamities to amend them; a vague rumour suddenly as if on wings reaches the ears of all, that their inveterate foes were rapidly approaching to destroy the whole country, and to take possession of it, as of old, from one end to the other. But yet they derived no advantage from this intelligence; for, like frantic beasts, taking the bit of reason between their teeth, they abandoned the safe and narrow road, and rushed forward upon the broad downward path of vice, which leads to death. [...] For the time was approaching, when all their iniquities, as formerly those of the Amorrhaeans, should be fulfilled. For a council was called to settle what was best and most expedient to be done, in order to repel such frequent and fatal irruptions and plunderings of the above-named nations.

23. Then all the councillors, together with that proud tyrant Gurthrigern [Vortigern], the British king, were so blinded, that, as a protection to their country, they sealed its doom by inviting in among them like wolves into the sheep-fold), the fierce and impious Saxons, a race hateful both to God and men, to repel the invasions of the northern nations. Nothing was ever so pernicious to our country, nothing was ever so unlucky. What palpable darkness must have enveloped their minds—darkness desperate and cruel! Those very people whom, when absent, they dreaded more than death itself, were invited to reside, as one may say, under the selfsame roof. [...] A multitude of whelps came forth from the lair of this barbaric lioness, in three cyuls, as they call them, that is, in their ships of war, with their sails wafted by the wind and with omens and prophecies favourable, for it was foretold by a certain soothsayer among them, that they should occupy the country to which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and despoil the same. They first landed on the eastern side of the island, by the invitation of the unlucky king, and there fixed their sharp talons, apparently to fight in favour of the island, but alas! more truly against it. Their mother-land, finding her first brood thus successful, sends forth a larger company of her wolfish offspring, which sailing over, join themselves to their bastard-born comrades. From that time the germ of iniquity and the root of contention planted their poison amongst us, as we deserved, and shot forth into leaves and branches. the barbarians being thus introduced as soldiers into the island, to encounter, as they falsely said, any dangers in defence of their hospitable entertainers, obtain an allowance of provisions, which, for some time being plentifully bestowed, stopped their doggish mouths. Yet they complain that their monthly supplies are not furnished in sufficient abundance, and they industriously aggravate each occasion of quarrel, saying that unless more liberality is shown them, they will break the treaty and plunder the whole island. In a short time, they follow up their threats with deeds.

24. For the fire of vengeance, justly kindled by former crimes, spread from sea to sea, fed by the hands of our foes in the east, and did not cease, until, destroying the neighbouring towns and lands, it reached the other side of the island, and dipped its red and savage tongue in the western ocean. In these assaults, therefore, not unlike that of the Assyrian upon Judea, was fulfilled in our case what the prophet describes in words of lamentation; "They have burned with fire the sanctuary; they have polluted on earth the tabernacle of thy name." And again, "O God, the gentiles have come into thine inheritance; thy holy temple have they defiled," &c. So that all the columns were levelled with the ground by the frequent strokes of the battering-ram, all the husbandmen routed, together with their bishops, priests, and people, whilst the sword gleamed, and the flames crackled around them on every side. Lamentable to behold, in the midst of the streets lay the tops of lofty towers, tumbled to the ground, stones of high walls, holy altars, fragments of human bodies, covered with livid clots of coagulated blood, looking as if they had been squeezed together in a press; and with no chance of being buried, save in the ruins of the houses, or in the ravening bellies of wild beasts and birds; with reverence be it spoken for their blessed souls, if, indeed, there were many found who were carried, at that time, into the high heaven by the holy angels. So entirely had the vintage, once so fine, degenerated and become bitter, that, in the words of the prophet, there was hardly a grape or ear of corn to be seen where the husbandman had turned his back.

25. Some therefore, of the miserable remnant, being taken in the mountains, were murdered in great numbers; others, constrained by famine, came and yielded themselves to be slaves for ever to their foes, running the risk of being instantly slain, which truly was the greatest favour that could be offered them: some others passed beyond the seas with loud lamentations instead of the voice of exhortation. "Thou hast given us as sheep to be slaughtered, and among the Gentiles hast thou dispersed us." Others, committing the safeguard of their lives, which were in continual jeopardy, to the mountains, precipices, thickly wooded forests, and to the rocks of the seas (albeit with trembling hearts), remained still in their country. But in the meanwhile, an opportunity happening, when these most cruel robbers were returned home, the poor remnants of our nation (to whom flocked from divers places round about our miserable countrymen as fast as bees to their hives, for fear of an ensuing storm), being strengthened by God, calling upon him with all their hearts, as the poet says,—"With their unnumbered vows they burden heaven," that they might not be brought to utter destruction, took arms under the conduct of Ambrosius Aurelianus, a modest man, who of all the Roman nation was then alone in the confusion of this troubled period by chance left alive. His parents, who for their merit were adorned with the purple, had been slain in these same broils, and now his progeny in these our days, although shamefully degenerated from the worthiness of their ancestors, provoke to battle their cruel conquerors, and by the goodness of our Lord obtain the victory.

26. After this, sometimes our countrymen, sometimes the enemy, won the field, to the end that our Lord might in this land try after his accustomed manner these his Israelites, whether they loved him or not, until the year of the siege of Bath-hill, when took place also the last almost, though not the least slaughter of our cruel foes, which was (as I am sure) forty-four years and one month after the landing of the Saxons, and also the time of my own nativity. And yet neither to this day are the cities of our country inhabited as before, but being forsaken and overthrown, still lie desolate; our foreign wars having ceased, but our civil troubles still remaining. [...]

Source: The Project Gutenberg EBook of On the Ruin of Britain, by Gildas.